Functional Medicine

Apoptosis:

• Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that is essential for the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.
• It plays a critical role in eliminating damaged, infected, or unnecessary cells, thus maintaining tissue homeostasis.
• Apoptosis is characterized by a series of well-defined morphological changes in the cell, such as cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, and formation of apoptotic bodies.
• The process of apoptosis is tightly regulated by a variety of signaling pathways, including the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway and the extrinsic (death receptor-mediated) pathway.
• Dysregulation of apoptosis can lead to various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Autophagy:

• Autophagy is a cellular process that involves the degradation and recycling of intracellular components, such as damaged organelles and proteins, to maintain cellular homeostasis and provide nutrients during stress conditions.
• There are three main types of autophagy: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy, with macroautophagy being the most well-studied form.
• During macroautophagy, a double-membrane structure called an autophagosome engulfs cytoplasmic cargo and fuses with lysosomes to form an autolysosome, where the cargo is degraded by lysosomal enzymes.
• Autophagy is regulated by a complex network of signaling pathways, including the mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) pathway and the AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) pathway.
• Autophagy plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, such as cellular quality control, adaptation to nutrient deprivation, and immunity. Dysregulation of autophagy has been implicated in numerous diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic diseases.